- This page is about the television series adaption of the franchise. For the franchise, see South Park (franchise).
South Park is an animated television series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central. It premiered on August 13, 1997. South Park first started as animated shorts titled "The Spirit of Christmas" which become viral on the internet and the production of the show. The series revolves around four boys and their seemingly normal life in their titular town. While these alone sound innocent, South Park is infamously known for its dark humor, profanity, satire, strong violence, and sexual themes.
With 23 seasons, South Park is the 3rd longest-running cartoon behind The Simpsons and Arthur. South Park has won many awards including Peabody and Primetime Emmys. TV Guide ranked South Park as the 10th greatest cartoon of all time.
The animation style is unique compared to traditional animated cartoons. Instead, it uses cutout animation (However, only the first episode used actual cutout animation, the rest are made digitally on a computer.)
Cast[]
Main Characters[]
Major Characters[]
- Butters Stotch (real name Leopold)
- Wendy Testaburger
- Mr. Garrison
Supporting Characters[]
- PC Principal
- Mr. Mackey
- Chef (deceased)
- Liane Cartman
- Clyde Donovan
- Token Black
- Craig Tucker
- Tweek Tweak
- Heidi Turner (major character in seasons 20 through 21)
- Scott Malkinson
- Jimmy Valmer
- Timmy Burch
- Bebe Stevens
- Most of the children's families.
Premise[]
Setting and characters[]
:Main article: List of South Park characters
South Park centers around four boys: Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. The boys live in the fictional small town of South Park, located within the real-life South Park basin in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado,[2] approximately a one-hour drive from Denver.[3] The town is also home to an assortment of other characters, including students, families, elementary school staff, and other various residents.[4] Prominent settings include South Park Elementary, various neighborhoods and the surrounding mountain range, actual Colorado landmarks, and the businesses along the town's main street, all of which are based on the appearance of similar locations in Fairplay, Colorado.[2][4] As one of the few television programs set in the Mountain West region that takes place outside the urban core of Denver, South Park frequently features the unique culture of the region, including cattle ranchers, Old West theme parks, snowy climates, mountaineering, Mormons, real-life Colorado locations such as Casa Bonita and Cave of the Winds, and many other regionally specific characteristics.
Stan is portrayed as the everyman of the group,[5] described in official media as an "average, American 4th grader."[6] Kyle is Jewish, and his portrayal as one of the few such people in South Park is often dealt with satirically.[5] Stan is modeled after Parker, while Kyle is modeled after Stone. They are best friends, and their friendship, symbolically intended to reflect Parker and Stone's friendship,[7] is a common topic throughout the series. Cartman (as he is commonly referred to) is amoral and increasingly psychopathic, and is commonly portrayed as an antagonist. His staunch antisemitism has resulted in a progressive rivalry with Kyle.[5][8] Kenny, who comes from a poor family, tightly wears his parka hood to the point where it obscures most of his face and muffles his speech. During the first five seasons, Kenny died in almost every episode before reappearing in the next with no definite explanation. He was killed off in the fifth season episode "Kenny Dies", being reintroduced in the sixth season finale. Since then, Kenny is depicted as dying sporadically. During the first 58 episodes, the children were in the third grade. During the fourth season, they entered the fourth grade, where they have remained ever since.[9][10]
Plots are often set in motion by events, ranging from the fairly typical to the supernatural and extraordinary, which frequently happen in the town.[11] The boys often act as the voice of reason when these events cause panic or incongruous behavior among the adult populace, who are customarily depicted as irrational, gullible, and prone to overreaction.[2][12] They are frequently confused by the contradictory and hypocritical behavior of their parents and other adults, and often perceive them as having distorted views on morality and society.[4][13]
Themes and style[]
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Each episode opens with a tongue-in-cheek all persons fictitious disclaimer: "All characters and events in this show—even those based on real people—are entirely fictional. All celebrity voices are impersonated.....poorly. The following program contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone."[14][15]
South Park was the first weekly program to be rated TV-MA,[16] and is generally intended for adult audiences.[17][18][19] The boys and most other child characters use strong profanity, with only the most taboo words being bleeped during a typical broadcast.[4] Parker and Stone perceive this as the manner in which real-life small boys speak when they are alone.[20][21]
South Park commonly makes use of carnivalesque and absurdist techniques,[22] numerous running gags,[23][24] violence,[24][25] sexual content,[26][27] offhand pop-cultural references, and satirical portrayal of celebrities.[28]
Early episodes tended to be shock value-oriented and featured more slapstick-style humor.[29] While social satire had been used on the show occasionally earlier on, it became more prevalent as the series progressed, with the show retaining some of its focus on the boys' fondness of scatological humor in an attempt to remind adult viewers "what it was like to be eight years old."[5] Parker and Stone also began further developing other characters by giving them larger roles in certain storylines,[5] and began writing plots as parables based on religion, politics, and numerous other topics.[4] This provided the opportunity for the show to spoof both extreme sides of contentious issues,[30] while lampooning both liberal and conservative points of view.[4][12][31] Parker and Stone describe themselves as "equal opportunity offenders",[11] whose main purpose is to "be funny" and "make people laugh",[32][33] while stating that no particular topic or group of people be exempt from mockery and satire.[12][28][34][35][36]
Parker and Stone insist that the show is still more about "kids being kids" and "what it's like to be in [elementary school] in America",[37] stating that the introduction of a more satirical element to the series was the result of the two adding more of a "moral center" to the show so that it would rely less on simply being crude and shocking in an attempt to maintain an audience.[32][33] While profane, Parker notes that there is still an "underlying sweetness" aspect to the child characters,[30] and Time described the boys as "sometimes cruel but with a core of innocence."[7] Usually, the boys or other characters pondered over what transpired during an episode and conveyed the important lesson taken from it with a short monologue. During earlier seasons, this speech commonly began with a variation of the phrase "You know, I've learned something today...".[38]
Development[]
Parker and Stone met in film class at the University of Colorado in 1992 and discovered a shared love of Monty Python, which they often cite as one of their primary inspirations.[39] They created an animated short entitled The Spirit of Christmas.[23] The film was created by animating construction paper cutouts with stop motion, and features prototypes of the main characters of South Park, including a character resembling Cartman but named "Kenny", an unnamed character resembling what is today Kenny, and two near-identical unnamed characters who resemble Stan and Kyle. Fox Broadcasting Company executive and mutual friend Brian Graden commissioned Parker and Stone to create a second short film as a video Christmas card. Created in 1995, the second The Spirit of Christmas short resembled the style of the later series more closely.[40] To differentiate between the two homonymous shorts, the first short is often referred to as Jesus vs. Frosty, and the second short as Jesus vs. Santa. Graden sent copies of the video to several of his friends, and from there it was copied and distributed, including on the internet, where it became one of the first viral videos.[23][7]
As Jesus vs. Santa became more popular, Parker and Stone began talks of developing the short into a television series about four children residing in the fictional Colorado town of South Park. Fox eagerly agreed to meet with the duo about the show's premise, having prided itself on edgier products such as Cops, The Simpsons, and The X-Files. However, during the meeting at the Fox office in Century City, disagreements between the two creators and the network began to arise, mainly over the latter's refusal to air a show that included a supporting talking stool character named Mr. Hankey. Some executives at 20th Century Fox Television (which was to produce the series) agreed with its then-sister network's stance on Mr. Hankey and repeatedly requested Parker and Stone to remove the character in order for the show to proceed. Refusing to meet their demands, the duo cut ties with Fox and its sister companies all together and began shopping the series somewhere else.[41][42][43]
The two then entered negotiations with both MTV and Comedy Central. Parker preferred the show be produced by Comedy Central, fearing that MTV would turn it into a kids show.[44] When Comedy Central executive Doug Herzog watched the short, he commissioned for it to be developed into a series.[23][45] Parker and Stone assembled a small staff and spent three months creating the pilot episode "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe".[46] South Park was in danger of being canceled before it even aired when the show fared poorly with test audiences, particularly with women. However, the shorts were still gaining more popularity over the Internet, and Comedy Central ordered a run of six episodes.[32][44] South Park debuted with "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" on August 13, 1997.[47]
Production[]
Except for the pilot episode, which was produced using cutout animation, all episodes of South Park are created with the use of software, primarily Autodesk Maya.[48] As opposed to the pilot, which took three months to complete,[49] and other animated sitcoms, which are traditionally hand-drawn by companies in South Korea in a process that takes roughly eight to nine months,[23][31] individual episodes of South Park take significantly less time to produce. Using computers as an animation method, the show's production staff were able to generate an episode in about three weeks during the first seasons.[50] Now, with a staff of about 70 people, episodes are typically completed in one week,[23][30][31] with some in as little as three to four days.[51][52][53] Nearly the entire production of an episode is accomplished within one set of offices, which were originally at a complex in Westwood, Los Angeles, California and are now part of South Park Studios in Culver City, California.[45][49] Parker and Stone have been the show's executive producers throughout its entire history.[54] Debbie Liebling, who was Senior Vice President of original programming and development for Comedy Central, also served as an executive producer during the show's first five seasons, coordinating the show's production efforts between South Park Studios and Comedy Central's headquarters in New York City.[55][56] During its early stages, finished episodes of South Park were hastily recorded to D-2 to be sent to Comedy Central for airing in just a few days' time.[57] Each episode used to cost $250,000.[58]
Writing[]
Scripts are not written before a season begins.[59] Production of an episode begins on a Thursday, with the show's writing consultants brainstorming with Parker and Stone. Former staff writers include Pam Brady, who has since written scripts for the films Hot Rod, Hamlet 2 and Team America: World Police (with Parker and Stone), and Nancy Pimental, who served as co-host of Win Ben Stein's Money and wrote the film The Sweetest Thing after her tenure with the show during its first three seasons.[60][61] Television producer and writer Norman Lear, an alleged idol of both Parker and Stone, served as a guest writing consultant for the season seven (2003) episodes "Cancelled" and "I'm a Little Bit Country".[59][62][63] During the 12th and 13th seasons, Saturday Night Live actor and writer Bill Hader served as a creative consultant and co-producer.[64][65][66]
After exchanging ideas, Parker will write a script, and from there the entire team of animators, editors, technicians, and sound engineers will each typically work 100–120 hours in the ensuing week.[46] Since the show's fourth season (2000), Parker has assumed most of the show's directorial duties, while Stone relinquished his share of the directing to focus on handling the coordination and business aspects of the production.[23][67] On Wednesday, a completed episode is sent to Comedy Central's headquarters via satellite uplink, sometimes just a few hours before its air time of 10 PM Eastern Time.[23][68]
Parker and Stone state that subjecting themselves to a one-week deadline creates more spontaneity amongst themselves in the creative process, which they feel results in a funnier show.[23] The schedule also allows South Park to both stay more topical and respond more quickly to specific current events than other satiric animated shows.[5][69] One of the earliest examples of this was in the season four (2000) episode "Quintuplets 2000", which references the United States Border Patrol's raid of a house during the Elián González affair, an event which occurred only four days before the episode originally aired.[70] The season nine (2005) episode "Best Friends Forever" references the Terri Schiavo case,[21][30] and originally aired in the midst of the controversy and less than 12 hours before she died.[31][71] A scene in the season seven (2003) finale "It's Christmas in Canada" references the discovery of dictator Saddam Hussein in a "spider hole" and his subsequent capture, which happened a mere three days prior to the episode airing.[72] The season 12 (2008) episode "About Last Night..." revolves around Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, and aired less than 24 hours after Obama was declared the winner, using segments of dialogue from Obama's real victory speech.[73]
On October 16, 2013, the show failed to meet their production deadline for the first time ever, after a power outage on October 15 at the production studio prevented the episode, season 17's "Goth Kids 3: Dawn of the Posers", from being finished in time. The episode was rescheduled to air a week later on October 23, 2013.[74] On August 6, 2021, South Park was renewed all the way up to season 30 and 14 additional movies, enough to carry the show to at least 2027.[75]
Animation[]
The show's style of animation is inspired by the paper cut-out cartoons made by Terry Gilliam for Monty Python's Flying Circus, of which Parker and Stone have been lifelong fans.[44][7][76] Construction paper and traditional stop motion cutout animation techniques were used in the original animated shorts and in the pilot episode. Subsequent episodes have been produced by computer animation, providing a similar look to the originals while requiring a fraction of the time to produce. Before computer artists begin animating an episode, a series of animatics drawn in Toon Boom are provided by the show's storyboard artists.[46][77]
The characters and objects are composed of simple geometrical shapes and primary and secondary colors. Most child characters are the same size and shape, and are distinguished by their clothing, hair and skin colors, and headwear.[13] Characters are mostly presented two-dimensionally and from only one angle. Their movements are animated in an intentionally jerky fashion, as they are purposely not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand-drawn characters.[5][49][78] Occasionally, some non-fictional characters are depicted with photographic cutouts of their actual head and face in lieu of a face reminiscent of the show's traditional style. Canadians on the show are often portrayed in an even more minimalist fashion; they have simple beady eyes, and the top halves of their heads simply flap up and down when the characters speak.[34]
When the show began using computers, the cardboard cutouts were scanned and re-drawn with CorelDRAW, then imported into PowerAnimator, which was used with SGI workstations to animate the characters.[46][49] The workstations were linked to a 54-processor render farm that could render 10 to 15 shots an hour.[46] Beginning with season five, the animators began using Maya instead of PowerAnimator.[79] As of 2012, the studio ran a 120-processor render farm that can produce 30 or more shots an hour.[46]
PowerAnimator and Maya are high-end programs mainly used for 3D computer graphics, while co-producer and former animation director Eric Stough notes that PowerAnimator was initially chosen because its features helped animators retain the show's "homemade" look.[49] PowerAnimator was also used for making some of the show's visual effects,[49] which are now created using Motion,[46] a newer graphics program created by Apple, Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. The show's visual quality has improved in recent seasons,[5] though several other techniques are used to intentionally preserve the cheap cutout animation look.[23][50][80]
A few episodes feature sections of live-action footage, while others have incorporated other styles of animation. Portions of the season eight (2004) premiere "Good Times with Weapons" are done in anime style, while the season 10 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft" is done partly in machinima.[81] The season 12 episode "Major Boobage", a homage to the 1981 animated film Heavy Metal, implements scenes accomplished with rotoscoping.[82]
Voice cast[]
- Main article: List of South Park cast members
Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters.[4][5][83] Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her death in November 1999. Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003). She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters. Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters.[84] Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar,[85] while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl.[86]
Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters. Supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens;[83] co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices Token Black,[87] who was the school's only African-American student until the introduction of Nichole in "Cartman Finds Love"; writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie;[83] and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison.[88] Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff.[89]
When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.[68][90][91]
Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, an African-American, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted.[7][92] Hayes agreed to voice the character after being among Parker and Stone's ideal candidates, which also included Lou Rawls and Barry White.[93] Hayes, who lived and hosted a radio show in New York during his tenure with South Park, recorded his dialogue on a digital audio tape while a director gave directions over the phone, after which the tape would be shipped to the show's production studio in California.[49] After Hayes left the show in early 2006, the character of Chef was killed off in the season 10 (2006) premiere "The Return of Chef".
Guest stars[]
- Main article: List of South Park guest stars
Celebrities who are depicted on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities do their own voices for the show. Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer,[94][95] Brent Musburger,[96] Jay Leno,[97] Robert Smith,[98] and the bands Radiohead and Korn.[99][100] Comedy team Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years.[101] Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode "Pip".[102]
Jennifer Aniston,[103] Richard Belzer,[104] Natasha Henstridge,[98] Norman Lear,[105] and Peter Serafinowicz[106] have guest starred as other speaking characters. During South Park's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show. As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride",[107] Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut",[107] and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode "City on the Edge of Forever".[108] Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode "Starvin' Marvin", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as "Turkey #2".[109]
Music[]
Parker says that the varying uses of music is of utmost importance to South Park.[110] Several characters often play or sing songs in order to change or influence a group's behavior, or to educate, motivate, or indoctrinate others. The show also frequently features scenes in which its characters have disapproving reactions to the performances of certain popular musicians.[110]
Adam Berry, the show's original score composer, used sound synthesis to simulate a small orchestra, and frequently alluded to existing famous pieces of music. Berry also used signature acoustic guitar and mandolin cues as leitmotifs for the show's establishing shots.[110][111] After Berry left in 2001, Jamie Dunlap and Scott Nickoley of the Los Angeles-based Mad City Production Studios provided the show's original music for the next seven seasons.[90] Since 2008, Dunlap has been credited as the show's sole score composer.[112] Dunlap's contributions to the show are one of the few that are not achieved at the show's own production offices. Dunlap reads a script, creates a score using digital audio software, and then e-mails the audio file to South Park Studios, where it is edited to fit with the completed episode.[90]
In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef would also sing about things relevant to what had transpired in the plot. These songs were original compositions written by Parker, and they were performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had used during his own music career. The band DVDA, which consists of Parker and Stone, along with show staff members Bruce Howell and D.A. Young, performed the music for these compositions and, until the character's death on the show, were listed as "Chef's Band" in the closing credits.[49]
Rick James, Elton John, Meat Loaf, Joe Strummer, Ozzy Osbourne, Primus, Rancid, and Ween all guest starred and briefly performed in the season two (1998) episode "Chef Aid". Korn debuted their single "Falling Away from Me" as guest stars on the season three (1999) episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery".[100]
Main theme[]
The show's theme song was a musical score performed by the band Primus, with the lyrics alternately sung by the band's lead singer, Les Claypool, and the show's four central characters during the opening title sequence. Kenny's muffled lines are altered after every few seasons. His lines are usually sexually explicit in nature, such as his original lines, "I like girls with big fat titties, I like girls with deep vaginas".[113]
The original unaired opening composition was originally slower and had a length of 40 seconds. It was deemed too long for the opening sequence. So Parker and Stone sped it up for the show's opening, having Claypool re-record his vocals. The instrumental version of the original composition is often played during the show's closing credits.[114]
The opening song played in the first four seasons (and the end credits in all seasons) has a folk rock instrumentation with bass guitar, trumpets and rhythmic drums. Its beat is fast in the opening and leisurely in the closing credits. It is in the minor key and it features a tritone or a diminished fifth, creating a melodic dissonance, which captures the show's surrealistic nature. In the latter parts of season 4 and season 5, the opening tune has an electro funk arrangement with pop qualities. Seasons 6–9 have a sprightly bluegrass instrumentation with a usage of banjo and is set in the major key. For the later seasons, the arrangement is electro rock with a breakbeat influence, which feature electric guitars backed up by synthesized, groovy drumbeats.[90]
The opening theme song has been remixed three times during the course of the series, including a remix performed by Paul Robb.[115] In 2006, the theme music was remixed with the song "Whamola" by Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade, from the album Purple Onion.[116]
Episodes[]
:Main article: List of South Park episodes
| Season | Episodes | Originally aired (U.S. dates) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First aired | Last aired | Network | |||
| 1 | 13 | August 13, 1997 | February 25, 1998 | Comedy Central | |
| 2 | 18 | April 1, 1998 | January 20, 1999 | ||
| 3 | 17 | April 7, 1999 | January 12, 2000 | ||
| 4 | 17 | April 5, 2000 | December 20, 2000 | ||
| 5 | 14 | June 20, 2001 | December 12, 2001 | ||
| 6 | 17 | March 6, 2002 | December 11, 2002 | ||
| 7 | 15 | March 19, 2003 | December 17, 2003 | ||
| 8 | 14 | March 17, 2004 | December 15, 2004 | ||
| 9 | 14 | March 9, 2005 | December 7, 2005 | ||
| 10 | 14 | March 22, 2006 | November 15, 2006 | ||
| 11 | 14 | March 7, 2007 | November 14, 2007 | ||
| 12 | 14 | March 12, 2008 | November 19, 2008 | ||
| 13 | 14 | March 11, 2009 | November 18, 2009 | ||
| 14 | 14 | March 17, 2010 | November 17, 2010 | ||
| 15 | 14 | April 27, 2011 | November 16, 2011 | ||
| 16 | 17 | March 14, 2012 | November 7, 2012 | ||
| 17 | 10 | September 25, 2013 | December 11, 2013 | ||
| 18 | 10 | September 24, 2014 | December 10, 2014 | ||
| 19 | 10 | September 16, 2015 | December 9, 2015 | ||
| 20 | 10 | September 14, 2016 | December 7, 2016 | ||
| 21 | 10 | September 13, 2017 | December 6, 2017 | ||
| 22 | 10 | September 26, 2018 | December 12, 2018 | ||
| 23 | 10 | September 25, 2019 | December 11, 2019 | ||
| 24 | 4 (full segment), 2 episodes (top & bottom) |
|
|
| |
| 25 | 6 (full segments), 2 episodes (top & bottom) |
|
|
| |
| 26 | TBA | February 8, 2023[117] | TBA | Comedy Central | |
Gallery[]
References[]
- ↑ Lake, Dave (2009). "The 10 Most Controversial 'South Park' Episodes". MSN TV.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Griffiths, Eric. "Young offenders", New Statesman, June 21, 2007.
- ↑ "City People". South Park. Season 25. Episode 3. February 16, 2022. Comedy Central.
We're up in the mountains, about an hour from Denver.
Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto"). - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Heffernan, Virginia. "Critic's Notebook; What? Morals in 'South Park'?", The New York Times, April 28, 2004.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Jaime J. Weinman (March 12, 2008). "South Park grows up". Maclean's. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2010.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
- ↑ "Character Guide: Stan Marsh". Comedy Central.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Gross And Grosser", March 23, 1998.
- ↑ Rovner, Julie (April 5, 2008). "Eric Cartman: America's Favorite Little $@#&*%".
- ↑ "FAQ: When will the boys be in the fifth grades?". Comedy Central (January 11, 2005).
- ↑ "FAQ: Are the boys still in 4th grade?". Comedy Central (October 8, 2008).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Raphael, Rebecca (May 22, 1998). "Who is Andrew Philip Kyle?".
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 William Cohen. "Respect Its Authoritah!", The Cornell Review, November 4, 2005.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Randy Fallows. "The Theology of South Park", The Institute for the Study of American Popular Culture, January 2002.
- ↑ Fagin, Barry S.. "Goin' Down to South Park: How kids can learn from 'vile trash'", Reason, May 2000.
- ↑ "Show Disclaimer". Comedy Central.
- ↑ Antonacci, Christopher (December 12, 1997). "South Park stirs up controversy, laughs". Daily Collegian.
- ↑ Carter, Bill. "Comedy Central makes the most of an irreverent, and profitable, new cartoon hit", The New York Times, November 10, 1997.
- ↑ Huff, Richard. "'South Park's' Still Top Dog On Basic Cable", New York Daily News, April 16, 1998.
- ↑ Sylvia Rubin. "TV's Foul-Mouthed Funnies", San Francisco Chronicle, January 26, 1998.
- ↑ Bernstein, Abbie. "South Park – Volume 2", AVRev.com, October 27, 1998.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Secrets of 'South Park'", ABC News, September 22, 2006.
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 Devin Leonard. "South Park creators haven't lost their edge", CNN, October 27, 2006.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Blacker, Terence. "Crude, violent – but quite brilliant", The Independent, January 5, 1999.
- ↑ "The growth of trash TV concerns media watchers", May 5, 1998.
- ↑ Acosta, Belinda (August 17, 2001). "Screens: TV Eye".
- ↑ Kiesewetter, John (May 20, 1998). "South Park' way crude for kids". Cincinnati Enquirer.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Dennis Lim. "Television: Lowbrow and proud of it", March 29, 1998.
- ↑ Kligman, David. "South Park: Funny, crude ... and a trendy favorite", March 1, 1998.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Frazier Moore. "Loud and lewd but sweet underneath", The Age, December 14, 2006.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Hancock, Noelle (March 24, 2006). "Park Life". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2012.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 McFarland, Melanie. "Social satire keeps 'South Park' fans coming back for a gasp, and a laugh", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 1, 2006.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Wilonsky, Robert (July 26, 2001). "It Happens". Broward Palm Beach New Times.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 McFarland, Melanie. "Oh my God, 'South Park' killed a decade!", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 29, 2006.
- ↑ Frank Rich. "Conservatives ♥ 'South Park'", The New York Times, May 1, 2005.
- ↑ Brian C. Anderson. "We're Not Losing the Culture Wars Anymore", Manhattan Institute.
- ↑ Saunders. "At 10, 'South Park' still bites", Rocky Mountain News, July 17, 2006.
- ↑ Arp and Jacoby, p. 58
- ↑ "Trey Parker & Matt Stone on Monty Python". YouTube. The Paley Center for Media. Template:Cbignore
- ↑ Gregoris, Michael (November 9, 2007). "The evolution of South Park". Western Gazette.
- ↑ "Fox Refused to Take 'South Park' in 1997 Because of One Character, and Something Else as well" (September 18, 2019).
- ↑ Ashton, Will (September 17, 2019). "That Time Fox Refused To Pick Up South Park Because Of Mr. Hankey".
- ↑ Pride, Ray (July 14, 1998). "D'oh! Fox Turned Down "South Park"?".
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Trey Parker; Matt Stone (March 1, 2002). Matt Stone, Trey Parker, Larry Divney 'Speaking Freely' transcript. (Interview). http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?id=12881. Retrieved February 8, 2007.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Halbfinger, David M.. "'South Park' Creators Win Ad Sharing In Deal", The New York Times, August 27, 2007.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 Driver, Dustin. "South Park Studios: No Walk in the Park". Apple Inc..
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Rosenberg, Adam (2017-06-19). "'South Park' TV creators can beam their work directly into 'The Fractured But Whole'" (en). Mashable.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 Matt Cheplic. "'As Crappy As Possible': The Method Behind the Madness of South Park", Penton Media, May 1, 1998.
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